Our Selfish Imperative

"...each man is the best judge of his own interest and the best able to satisfy his private needs." (Tocqueville, 82)

Continuing from my last blog, if religion isn't the check of democracy, perhaps it is something a little more selfish. Democracy does depend on a common sense of morality so that the participants do not abuse their power to participate, but it is also highly regulated by self interest. Less than twenty pages earlier Tocqueville says "He obeys society not because he is inferior to those who direct it, nor because he is incapable of ruling himself, but because union with his fellows seems useful to him and he knows that that union is impossible without a regulating authority." (66) In order to got what they want out of a society people must take an active role in society and this also keeps democracy in check. So are we a pious nation or a selfish one? Perhaps both are necessary. It is our selfish imperative that encourages us (as American citizens) to participate, but moral guidelines which keep us from over-participating or preventing others to participate to the best of their ability.

The Religion of Democracy

"In America it is religion which leads to enlightenment and the observance of divine laws which leads men to liberty." (Tocqueville 45)

Here Tocqueville has touched on a number of "dense facts" so to speak: religion, enlightenment, divine laws, liberty.... What do these mean? and What is he referring to? Firstly; religion. America is known as the cultural melting pot. That is one of the greatest aspects of our democracy is that everyone is permitted to participate regardless of their background, one aspect of which being religion, but the point is not everyone follows the same religion. Does that matter? Maybe the "divine laws" of religion agree enough to guide people towards "enlightenment." I think by this Tocqueville means a general sense of morals. I wrote earlier in commenting on Whitman's, Democratic Vistas, that a communal sense of morality is essential to making democracy work because it is based on equality of all participants. You need a sense of what is moral in order to achieve equality because equality is based on what is fair. This common sense of morality, Tocqueville says will lead people to liberty. I believe the liberty he is referring to is the ability to participate in government freely.

After deciphering Tocqueville's passage I want to now question it. I don't believe that there is a religion of America. I do not believe that religion is a point on which we are necessarily unified because America is a melting pot. So many practices exist here including atheism, but there is a guiding sense of morality and conservatism. If there is no real religion of America, how can our morality come from religion of the citizens alone? I believe that morality can come from other sources. For example, people who are atheists have a sense of morality too, but theirs isn't derived from any religion. These people function just as effectively in society as do those who are religious, thus I disagree that religion is what holds democracy together.

Humble Beginnings

"Modest beginnings were no longer a somewhat embarrassing obstacle to be overcome but rather the indispensable bedrock of distinction." Cullen (68)


The concept of the "American Dream" arose in 1931 when James Truslow Adams described saying "life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement." Cullen renames this concept the "Dream of Upward Mobility," and it affects everything about the way American politics work. I won't pretend to be an expert, but a quick glance at America's most cherished figures will show how important it is that the common man can understand the politics and politicians of his nation. Andrew Jackson is a prime example. He was a popular because of his humble beginnings and president in spite of them. He was said to have come from the wild, raised in the woods, yet, through education and experience was able to rise above his modest start to the highest seat in American government. He perfectly illustrates American favoritism of the "underdog" that began as early as the Puritans. Although there were many flaws in their society, the Puritans were a persecuted people in Europe who searched for a certain spiritual "upward mobility"and rose above their obstacles to move to a new land where they could have the opportunity to practice their beliefs. I think this 'underdog' quality is even essential to the proceedings of our representative system because people need to feel that they related to their representatives in order to feel confident in the decisions they make on behalf of the people. Andrew Jackson was popular because people felt that they could relate to him. He was "just like them," and that gave people confidence in his political decisions.

The Potential and Requirements of Democracy

Although generally a hopeful document that democracy’s true potential will be fulfilled and realized in the future of America, one passage from Whitman’s Democratic Vistas stuck out to me: “…the fear of conflicting and irreconcilable interiors, and the lack of a common skeleton kitting all close, continually haunts me.” (762) On the surface level this phrase serves only to express a concern of the author, however it also answers questions from the very first day of AmCon, ‘Who are Americans?’ and ‘What is America?’ and introduces the greatest flaw of American democracy.

            According to this quote Americans are currently conflicted, disunited, fearful, and unrelated. The rest of Whitman’s essay around this passage encourages who he thinks American’s should be as a people: united, optimistic, passionate, and interconnected. “…Nothing is plainer than the need…of a fusion of the states into the only reliable identity, the moral and artistic one.” (762) This makes sense, after all we are the United States of America. Unity seems to be a condition of our existence. He puts great stock in artistic literature, such as poetry, to get us to that point, although maybe we can expand, “literature” to encompass all of education. However, for Whitman the power of literature transcended the purpose of education. Although he uses the strong emphasis on literature in education to support his claim, he attributes the greatest power of literature to it’s unifying potential. He says, “American poets…would give more compaction and more moral identity to these States than all it’s Constitution, legislative, and judicial ties, and all it’s hitherto political, warlike, or materialistic experiences” (762) Not only does literature bring people together, but it unifies them in a moral way and lends them identity. I think these two components are equally important because it shows that being unified is not enough, or that until people are united on a moral level, they are not really united at all and thus have no collective identity. This is what Whitman feels the American people are really lacking, and that until this enlightened level of unity is achieved we aren’t the democratic Americans we claim to be.

This united moral identity, which Whitman claims will one day come from literature, will serve as the justification for our political system. Whitman says, “…a great original literature is surely to become the justification and reliance…of American democracy.” (760) It seems that in order for democracy to work it requires unity and a collective moral conscience. I think a common misconception about democracy is that it emphasizes the power of the individual. I disagree to some extent. Democracy is and isn’t about the participation of the individual. Democracy maybe give more voice to the individuals participating, however the purpose of giving the individual a greater voice is to find a sense of unity. I also think that finding a new sense of unity requires a prior sense of unity. The way we practice democracy in America doesn’t necessarily start with the individual and work it’s way up towards unity. It starts with an existing sense of unity that may oppose another, so we as individuals, united in these causes, vote to reach a unity which brings together both sides. Democracy seems to also be the ‘poster political system’ for structured fairness, but I think the ‘fair’ aspect of a democracy doesn’t come from the system itself, but from the people who practice it. This is why a certain united moral conscience is required in order for a democracy to work and perhaps the relationship between political system and people is reciprocal. Perhaps the united morality of the people prove that democracy can work, and the success of such a political system can in tern prove the dignity of human nature, because the people of a democracy and the democracy itself are so closely intertwined. Perhaps this is the piece that is missing, which makes Americans disunited. The moral piece is lacking, as of yet, which causes internal conflict. Whitman seems to have hope that one day literature will unite Americans in this way and we will finally be able to live up to the potential of our democracy.

Lincoln's Political Mind

"The world will little note nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here." 
I would like to quote this line from Lincoln's Gettysburg Address for its irony. Ironic because the speech itself has been memorized as a requirement in high schools everywhere, quoted, and referenced incessantly since it was given. It has been remembered for it's words, the very substance Lincoln insisted would be forgotten, however, I think the concept of this quote is true for Lincoln's own politics in general. Lincoln will be forever remembered for freeing the slaves. That is what he did. However, freeing the slaves was secondary priority to preserving the unity of the United States. This intention, I think becomes forgotten in comparison to the action Lincoln took to accomplish his goal. Additionally, although separating the two goals, freeing the slaves and preserving the union, is easy, Lincoln's second inaugural address shows how interconnected the two became in his time. Connecting the two, as he so eloquently did, serves as a strong political strategy to make progress on the divisive issue of slavery that our nation's politics up until that point had worked so hard to avoid. He always brought the focus back to preserving the union. He truly believed that was most important to prove that America's, at the time, unique political system could endure. However, by focusing on the war as a crucial test of democracy he was also able to free the slaves, which prior generations  could not figure out how to do. Thus, even though Lincoln's legacy is freeing the slaves, I think the credit really lies in his original priority of preserving the union, for enabling the slaves to be freed.